The Glass Cliff Essay Example for Free

The Glass Cliff Essay Ibarra et al propose that high-potential ladies regularly pass up sponsorship, a component of coaching that builds the rate and speed of candidates’ advancement to upper administration positions. Bruckmuller and Branscombe outline in their article, The Glass Cliff, a sex inclination that exists when organizations hope to enlist another official. Organizations with overwhelmingly male officials and in stable monetary states are bound to enlist another male official, while a failing organization with male administrators will support the female competitor. The two articles contribute proof to additionally back the case that ladies get less special open doors than men and distinguish how our normal suppositions about sex and administration obstruct our development towards sexual orientation equity. In any case, neither one of the articles does well to incapacitate the one-sided peruser, subsequently putting the transmission of a priceless message in danger. On the off chance that the authors’ hidden reason for composing these articles is to advance equivalent open door at all hierarchical levels as a way to upgrade the utility of accessible HR, they don't adequately convey their message. From the outset, apparently these articles plan to expand familiarity with the extra barriers ladies face on their approach to official suites. Numbers, tests, and intensive investigation affirm this is so. I have presumably that a youthful goal-oriented female expert would almost certainly feel offended at seeing these figures and feel constrained to join the campaign. In any case, a man who doesn't see the advantages of ladies in the board or a lady who doesn't try to be a chief may see these articles as close to home complaints and welcome them with conflict. Such an individual may challenge, that since each writer is female, the articles are in this manner one-sided and the respectability of the articles is undermined. In this example, the message and expected advancement towards equivalent open door is lost. To maintain a strategic distance from this dilemma, I may recommend introducing proof that would interest male administrators, as they involve most of the higher class posit ions and subsequently, have the most capacity to oppose or catalyze change. Maybe a commendable activity is increment these administrators familiarity with the similarityâ€attraction standard, which clarifies how whenever allowed the chance to choose another part to communicate inside a gathering, people have a proclivity to choose people who are like themselves (for example male). The contention could proceed to disclose to directors how such conduct can unfavorably serve a supervisory crew by restraining heterogeneity, which exploration recommends encourages long haul group execution (Horwitz, 2007). Regardless of whether this is a sound contention is easily proven wrong, however this theme is considerably less liable to be met with opposition basically because of the idea of the topic. Each official concurs that drawn out group execution is a commendable interest. In this situation, the two gatherings comprehend the estimation of the message and can possibly commonly profit by it. References Horwitz, Sujin K., and Irwin B. Horwitz. The impacts of group decent variety on group results: A meta-diagnostic audit of group demography. Diary of the board 33.6 (2007): 987-1015.

Child development free essay sample

Physical improvement takes a gander at the gross engine aptitudes. e. g running, skipping, climbing and the ? ne engine aptitudes e. g cutting, stringing and composing. Additionally, it takes a gander at the physical development of the youngster. It is critical not to expect that the physical development of a kid is simply going to occur, yet offer them openings in numerous ways, just as, offering them steady help, so they can build up their physical viewpoint completely. 0-3 years This age bunch sees immense physical changes. At the point when a youngster is new conceived, their physical control is practically nothing. In any case, by their third month they can handle and grin to faces that grin at them. During their advancement in this age run, kids will follow the grouping of sitting, slithering, standing, and afterward to strolling. Consider that a creating youngster will follow a similar grouping, however not really at a similar rate. The gross engine aptitudes, which includes the utilization of huge muscles including strolling and running and fine engine abilities which single appendage developments like getting or the exactness of hands and fingers. Scholarly improvement is the development of the brain as a youngster gets the opportunity to perceive, reason, know and comprehend and see what is happening around them by hearing, contacting, smelling, and tasting. Language advancement is the improvement of the child’s capacity to react verbally as the kid comprehends and articulate words. Enthusiastic development is the advancement of the child’s emotions and familiarity with oneself and others and the development of confidence. Social improvement is worried about the child’s capacity to relate with others in a manner that empowers the kid to live in concordance with everyone around him. Age 0-2 Physical Even during childbirth a kid can utilize its detects. They have reflexes that are programmed reactions to improvements; for instance that of touch. They have the establishing reflex, the sucking reflex, the charting reflex, and the venturing reflex. Up to the age of 3 months the youngster will lie on its back, however it has some gross engine aptitudes. It can divert its head from side to side and starts to begin lifting its head and kicking. They likewise will have the option to watch development and play with their fingers just as placing their clench hand in their mouth and sucking musically. At this stage they can react to sound and lights and gleaming items and perceives the face and his primary carer. By the age of a half year, gradually they will start to roll and sit and handle articles and control their head very well. They likewise will attempt to place things in there mouths. By the age of 9 to a year they will have the option to begin to get themselves around perhaps by clutching things, rolling and slithering. They likewise might be capable sit independent for a time span there capacity to handle, hold and toss toys very well By the age of one the will have the option to sit for an extensive stretch, get up structure lying position and sit from standing position. They will be capable represent a couple of moments, and extreme from slithering, to base rearranging, to strolling while at the same time clutching furniture. They will have the option to hold a cup or bottle and pick let go of a toy from their hand. They may likewise be capable trip the steps will some assistance. At two years youngsters might have the option to run, kick a ball, stroll all over steps while clutching someone’s hand, however they may not yet have the option to get a ball Intellectual From birth to 3 months kids can concentrate on objects, can perceive recognizable faces and can be alarmed by noisy sounds. They can likewise look at designs. By the age of 3 to a half year they will begin to create coordination and appreciate bight hues and contact questions that take their advantage. At 6 years old to 9 months they can participate in straightforward games and their memory is starting to create, they can applaud and duplicate different activities and sounds. By the age of one their scholarly advancement will have developed enormously. They will have the option to cause to notice things that premium them like toys, start to appreciate pretend, comprehend recognizable items and learn through path and mistake. At the point when they arrive at the age of two they will be capable be engaged with imagine play and converse with themselves. They even like music and start get humor and adhere to straightforward directions. They will have gotten increasingly sure and attempt new exercises. Language From the period of birth to a quarter of a year kids perceive sound and stop people in their tracks to carers voice, they will cry when they have should be met, and snorts and squeaks when they are content. Between 3 to a half year youngsters start to coo and sputter, grin and giggle, yet cries uproariously for should be met. By the age of nine to a year the youngster can listen cautiously to natural carers voices, yells and makes seems like â€Å"brr† and â€Å"dd†. The react to the word no and can comprehend directions like â€Å"hug mummy†. At one years old the kid might have the option to talk at least two words even â€Å"mama† or â€Å"dada† and comprehend regular words like shower, or jug or pooch. They may even attempt to participate in discussions. At the point when the arrive at the age of two the youngster can pose straightforward inquiries and can have a jargon of more than fifty words. They frequently talk rapidly and may start to utilize â€Å"I’ â€Å"me† and â€Å"you† effectively. They likewise may surely know significantly a greater number of words than they can really talk. Passionate During childbirth the youngster shellfishes down when gotten, and appreciates being nestled, sucking its thumb and starts to know about its environmental factors. By three to about a month and a half they may begin to grin and perceive the voice and face of their carer. By a quarter of a year and over the youngster starts to appreciate schedules that are recognizable, similar to shower time and getting consideration from others. At the point when the youngster arrives at a half year they can turn out to be vexed if their principle carer isn't with them. They additionally start to look for consideration and become increasingly mindful of others affections for instance another youngster chuckling or crying. They can frequently offer their toys to other people. At he age of nine to a year they show more prominent enthusiasm for social cooperation yet at a similar tome can turn out to be increasingly mindful of outsiders. This can likewise when they truly start to champion themselves, one case of this could be the hardening of body when they are irritated. By the age of one the youngster can get mindful and begin to know about the states of mind of others and frequently duplicate them. Things they don’t comprehend and start to share can disturb two-year-old kids, and they start to impart understanding to other people, and can be amicable and friendly to other people. At this stage they can fabricate fellowships and can adapt being without their primary carer for longer timeframes. Additionally the kid can communicate different preferences and may frequently have fits of rage. Social Babies from birth are friendly creatures, they appreciate the closeness of taking care of and washing time, and become shellfish when they are approach or can hear their primary carer. Between three to a half year they appreciate being a piece of what is happening and when they are more than nine months they can take care of themselves with finger nourishments and appreciate organization and snickering with others. As they develop closer to a year they become progressively autonomous and begin to engage themselves. At a year the kid will start to move about and find new things for themselves and begin to build up a feeling of personality. By the age of two they will exceptionally autonomous and will accomplish more things for themselves including dressing and taking care of. Age 3-5 Physical By the age of three youngsters can stroll in various ways, in reverse and advances and sideways. They can hop from a low stature and even parity on one foot. They additionally might have the option to utilize pedal on a tricycle. Undoubtedly they will have the option to assemble a block tower, can paint with huge brushes and utilize a fork and spoon to eat. At four years old the youngster has a decent feeling of parity and might have the option to walk and run in an orderly fashion and keeping in mind that running will have the option to stop and turn controls with control. They can toss, catch and ricochet a ball and climb the steps with certainty. Their fine engine aptitudes will empower them to keep in touch with certain letters for instance their name and draw pictures that are very unmistakable. At the point when they arrive at the age of five they will have started to hit the dance floor with cadence to music and use swings and climbing outlines. They can utilize a bicycle with stabilizers and will capable dress themselves without an excessive amount of help. They will ready to compose numerous letters and numbers and use pencils and pastels, and can draw an individual with head, body, month, eyes and so on. Passionate A multi year old can clarify their emotions with words and show love for more youthful kids. They become mindful of sexual orientation jobs and are better ready to adapt to their feelings. At the age of four one of the principle changes is the advancement of their creative mind, yet in addition they will have a comical inclination and are starting to see directly from wrong and can be unequivocally stubborn. By the age of five the youngster have developed in their insight into how others are feeling and can shroud their own sentiments and control their feelings. Language At the age of three a kid can talk in sentences utilizing over a wide span of time tenses, yet may falter when they get energized. By this stage they may surely understand a few hundred words. By the age of four the kid will pose inquiries, why, when, how, and so forth. They can discuss the future and might make up certain words. Yet, they may in any case discover a few sounds hard to articulate, for example, â€Å"r†, â€Å"th† and â€Å"str†. At the point when the kid arrives at the age of five they are certain speakers appreciating discussions with others. They love to make quips and start to show enthusiasm for perusing and composing. Scholarly By the age of three and over the kid will have develo

The Significance of Multinational Companies to the Economies of Less Case Study

The Significance of Multinational Companies to the Economies of Less Case Study The Significance of Multinational Companies to the Economies of Less Developed Countries â€" Case Study Example > The paper “ The Significance of Multinational Companies to the Economies of Less Developed Countries” is an outstanding example of a case study on macro and microeconomics. Today, the impact of multinational companies is widespread. Whether in the production of television sets, computers, software, cars, or even chocolate, some of the major players have found the need to operate beyond their own borders, often in such cheap labor. But the activities of multinationals go much farther back than the recent technological breakthroughs that have allowed almost every business to maintain some form of international presence if only by having a web presence. Some multinational companies such as Dunlop and Cadbury have a long-standing history with Third World countries because they had to source their raw materials from these countries. But to what extent did the Third World countries benefit or suffer from their involvement with these multinationals. In order to fully understand the i mpact, it is important to appreciate that multinational companies are not charities and that self-interest drives their activities first and foremost. Multinationals often possess what many Third World countries lack, and that is   knowledge and expertise. This is not to say that there are no smart people in Third World countries. Far from it. Many Third World leaders are highly educated and may surround themselves with an equally well-educated elite but they may simply not have the technology and knowledge necessary to fully exploit their domestic resources. As such, the entry of multinationals, either by invitation or by business exploration on the part of the multinationals is predicated on the belief that there could be a mutual benefit for both parties. In effect, the multinationals would help the Third World countries in question by buying their resources or extracting them as the case may be and give the countries an opportunity to earn much needed foreign exchange and other resources so that they can take care of the needs of the local population. In the early part of the 20th century, for example, when information spread that the Amazon jungle was a source of rubber, many companies from the more advanced economies made their way there and did what they could to take advantage of those resources. As Bradford L. Barham and Oliver T. Coomes write in the article, “ Reinterpreting the Amazon rubber boom, ” “ For fifty years, the extraction of wild rubber from the jungles of the Amazon fueled unprecedented economic expansion in the region: per capita incomes in the Brazilian Amazon climbed by 800 percent: the regional population increased by more than 400 percent; urban centers and secondary towns blossomed along the river banks, and the vast Amazonian forest lands were integrated into national political spheres and the international market economy. But when low-cost rubber from British plantations in Asia flooded world markets in the 1910s, rubber prices plummeted, sharply curtailing financial returns from wild rubber extra ction” (Barham Coomes 73). As noted above, the primary interest of the multinationals is to make money, not to develop the Third World, so when opportunities for cheaper resources became available elsewhere they were quick to jump ship. In the case of the Amazon basin, some commentators believe that the failure of the area to develop a sustainable economy was due in part to the flight of capital from the area, in other words, the taking away of profits by the multinationals operating in the area rather than reinvesting the funds in the domestic Third World country. As Barham and Coomes note with regards to some interpretations, “ exceptional profits that accrued from the rubber trade were transferred out of the region and thus made unavailable for local development. The surplus was extracted within the region through unequal exchange maintained by debt-peonage and coercion. Foreign firms, perceived as operating as a monopoly or monopsony (Bonilla 1977; Flores Marin 1987 and d omestic elites (Santos 1980; Haring 1986) extracted the surplus and chose not to invest in the region” (Barham and Coomes 3). If the multinationals did not take as their priority the development of what was a foreign field to them the Third World countries have at times been betrayed by their own elite who prefer to skim off profits generated by their country for their own personal benefit rather than that of the nation as a whole.

Description Of A Flight Recorder - 6028 Words

1. Introduction It is very difficult, when an accident occurs during a flight to determine precisely what happened for several reasons: ï‚ § Most of the time, during a flight, an aircraft is not in an environment where people cannot testimony what they saw (over water, high in the sky †¦) ï‚ § When the aircraft crashes, it is often in an area difficult to access (open sea, on a mountain, †¦) ï‚ § When the aircraft is ready to be examined, after being recovered from a difficult crash area or after a potential fire has been extinguished, the pieces are frequently severely damaged. To be able to retrace what happened during the last moments of the flight of the aircraft, before an accident or incident, a flight recorder has been developed. The information collected by this flight recorder can help the investigation teams to understand what happened even when the aircraft is badly damaged or even impossible to use to find answers. But developing a flight recorder is not simple precisely because it has to withstand a severe accident. When an extreme fire starts after a crash for example, the flight recorder has to stay in good conditions until it is recovered by someone on the crash site. Therefore, regulations, certifications and standards have been made to ensure that this element in the aircraft has all the required properties. Nowadays, the flight recorder has an increasing role to play in investigations of accidents because of the number of passengers that can be carried on aShow MoreRelatedDescription Of The Flight Recorder Systems8084 Words   |  33 Pagesreliability in extreme case through tests and certifications. ICAO – A8 - 1.3 The flight recorder systems, when tested by methods approved by the appropriate certificating authority, shall be demonstrated to be suitable for the environmental extremes over which they are designed to operate. 1.5 The manufacturer shall provide the appropriate certificating authority with the following information in respect of the flight recording systems: a) manufacturer’s operating instructions, equipment limitationsRead MoreBuilding A Department Of Natural Resources And Environmental Management1143 Words   |  5 Pagesphenomenon, provide extensive variations and abstract, enough to apply to a wide variety of contexts, and provide control in the sense of stating conditions under which the concept of co-management of forest resources is applicable in Liberia with a description of reasonable basis for action. During my final semester in spring of 2017, my research results will be submitted to related peer review journals for publication. I also intend to present my results at the United Nations’ annual summit at its headquartersRead MoreThe Crash Of The Plane Crash1587 Words   |  7 Pagesplane crash occurred on February 12, 2009, approximately 22.17 EST, when the turboprop Bombardier, Colgan Air, Inc., was executing the flight 3407, approaching to the international airport in Buffalo, New York. He crashed into a house in Clarence Center, (NY), five nautical miles to the northeast of the landing site, killing a man on the earth, the passengers and flight crew. Altogether, this tragedy claimed the lives of fifty people. The airplane was destroyed after hitting the ground and because ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Zinn s The United States 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesaccount is misleading and biased. At one point, Zinn takes on a sort-of communist approach when he tells the reader: â€Å"I wanted my writing of history and my teaching of history to be a part of social struggle†¦ to be a part of history and not just a recorder and teacher of history. So that kind of attitude towards history, history itself as a political act, has always informed my writing and my teaching† (Flynn). Readers of A People’s History of the United States learn very little about history. TheyRead MoreThe Cold War By Alexander Zuyev1693 Words   |  7 Pagesa MiG-29 fighter jet and destroying other aircraft on the military base he served at in the process. He hoped that such a high-profile escape would cause his friends and colleagues to question what problems drove him to defecting; he left a tape recorder that explained his problems with the Soviet Union at his apartment in order to influence them as well. On May 20th, 1989, Alexander Zuyev successfully carried out his plans, and land ed his stolen jet in Turkey. He also sought out and was grantedRead MoreThe Vietnam War and Rock and Roll Music Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pages Correspondent Michael Herr catching helicopter rides out to the firebases, cassette rock and roll in one ear and door- gun fire in the other, or crouched under fire in a rice paddy while Jimi Hendrix music blares from the recorder held by the soldier next to him... Grunts linking arms in a beery E.M. club and screaming out the lyrics to the Animals We Gotta Get Out of This Place... The rock and roll war... To most of us, the VietnamRead MoreEssay about Almost Famous: Sex, Drugs, and Rock-n-Roll1503 Words   |  7 Pagesinflated egos and strung out rock stars. However, this is a rare occurrence in Almost Famous. It is a story of a boy, William Miller (Patrick Fugit), becoming a man while learning about the rock-n-roll culture with his only true friend, his tape recorder. William, age fifteen, is traveling with the band Stillwater to interview them for a Rolling Stone article, along the way he has many interesting experiences. Some of these including letting all the groupies stay in his room, almost crashing onRead MoreA Prototype Of Black Box For Vehicle2119 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract— The main purpose of the paper is to develop a prototype of Black Box for vehicle diagnosis that can be installed into any vehicle. Like flight data recorders in aircraft, Black Box† technology plays a key role in vehicle crash investigations. This prototype can be designed with mi nimum number of circuits. This can contribute to construct safer vehicles, improving the treatment for crash victims, helping insurance companies with their vehicle crash investigations, and enhancing road statusRead MoreCase Analysis : Asiana Flight 214 2315 Words   |  10 Pages Asiana flight 214 Name Affiliation Asiana flight 214 Introduction As working within aviation industry requires extraordinary attention and concentration due to being concerned with high risk rates, human factor tends to be one of wide-spread factors, contributing to the emergence of an accident. Since the Second World War, much progress has been made in improving aviation safety with respect to elaborating means of dealing with human factor-related issues. One of most important developmentsRead MoreEssay on Use of the Bird Motif in Invisible Man2374 Words   |  10 Pagesroosters in a barnyard (256).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chapter 13 there is another image of birds, as the narrator flees after the police break up the eviction gathering:   . . .as I swung over a partition and went brushing past a huge cote and arousing a flight of frantic white birds, suddenly as large as buzzards as they beat furiously against my eyes, dazzling the sun as they fluttered up and away. . .(285).   After the narrator learns his pursuer is Brother Jack, he reflects that his movements were probably

Bullying Awareness Programs Should Be Beneficial - 1148 Words

There has been a series of bullying related suicides across the globe in the US that is drawing attention to the connection between bullying and suicide. Research indicates that 15 to 20 percent of all students are victimized by bullies at some point in their school careers (Education Digest). There are several steps we can take as a community to protect our children from bullies. For example, it should become a mandatory requirement for schools to carry out a bullying awareness program, they should also be required to teach anti bullying courses as well as working together as a community to give a safe environment for our children. Most importantly, implementing a bullying awareness program will be beneficial because it will†¦show more content†¦There are a number of warning signs that may show that someone is affected by bullying; either they re being bullied or bullying others. Some of the signs listed as follows: unexplainable injuries, frequent headaches or stomach aches, feeling sick or faking illness, as well as a self destructive behavior such as causing harm to themselves or talking about suicide. Bullying is one of the biggest issues that we have to deal with daily. Finally, it is very important for everyone to work together to set up a safe environment for our children by sending out a unified message against bullying. Teachers and school officials are at the core of any bullying prevention program. They can create a code of conduct, a mission statement, school wide rules as well as a bully reporting system. Doing this will show an environment in which bullying is not acceptable. The teachers and the school officials are unable to do this alone; engaging the parents and youth will help the students feel safer when they are in a classroom setting. In addition, the school climate will improve because the students will engaged in taking action to stop bullying, and parents can support the schools’ message about bullying in the comfort of their own home. They are also more likely to recognize the signs of child being bullied. Students are prone to being bullied if they are withdrawn from their classmates, stand out in some way,

All About Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay

All About Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay To generate the topics you simply have to choose definition essay in the kind of essay and set some keywords in case you have any on your mind. Definition essay topics can differ. As everyone probably knows, simply because you've got a definition essay topic and a couple examples doesn't indicate you've got an essay. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. There is an extensive array of definition essay ideas a student could utilize to compose an essay about. Among the various types of essay, there's a definition essay that could appear to be among the most simple assignments. When selecting a definition essay topic, you have to understand the topic before you pen the essay for other people to read. A suitable topic is a very big step to the exceptional definition essay. Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay Can Be Fun for Everyone Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. Some dictionaries explain words in various ways, so it's a good idea to consult several and then compare. Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay - Dead or Alive? There's a selection of essay types, and every one of them are able to assist you in developing your abilities and widening your knowledge. Click on all training course to be certain you observe description. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task beca use you have to clearly show your analytical skills. Parenting topics have a vast scope of formulations, based on a subject they're related to. Starting your essay with an immediate definition isn't always an excellent concept, and that's the reason you should use a hook. Whether this definition applies to you at the moment, and you're panicking since you own a paper due tomorrow (okay, which means you've procrastinated just a bit on this paper), have a deep breath. For example, if the topic of your paper is associated with friendship, the definition essay body paragraphs will describe this phenomenon in various facets. Definition essay examples may enable a fresh writer to find a notion of this paper before getting down straight to get the job done. It's possible to purchase affordable on-line help with any kind of academic essays online. Unlike other sorts of essays, definition papers may vary in their volume. According to statistics, this kind of essays is among the mos t challenging and causes plenty of strain and nerves. Although definition essays are smaller than other forms of academic papers, they still call for a comprehensive plan. Want to Know More About Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay? You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. If you're in a college and need to compose an argumentative essay, you should select a subject of high importance. There are a number of exemplification essay topics for college students you could adopt but of course not all of these will be applicable for your undertaking. There are a number of exemplification essay topics for college students which you could adopt but, needless to say, not all them will be applicable to your undertaking. Ruthless Good Specific Topics for a Definition Essay Strategies Exploited To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's ess ential to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. The main reason is these topics are not that broad or narrow. If you decide on one of these topics, you will undoubtedly succeed to pull the interest of your audience since they involve the latest discussion topics. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. In addition, there are many unique examples of the definition essays with the appropriate structures on the net. They can relieve your academic stress and provide useful and perfect examples to compose your own definition essay later on. Should you do, paraphrase the offered definition to steer clear of difficulties with plagiarism. Don't use any examples that is not going to support the definition. Mention the method by which the definition you were speaking about affected you. You should offer your own definition. The definition has to be thorough and lengthy. As with any other essay, a definition one has its peculiarities along with content requirements that should be met to be successful in the writing. How employees should add to the corporate social responsibility. With all these facts in mind and practice, you can better your skills within this kind of assignment. With professional aid, you'll save yourself time for other vital tasks. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. In truth, it isn't challenging to define an object, if you know about the tips that are essential for writing a definition paper. The range of words that you write is dependent on the intricacy of your term (some terms are easy to explain, but others need deep research). It is vital to decide on a great topic t o be able to compose a wonderful paper. So, the ideal start would be to interpret this kind of assignment for a definition essay so as to define and understand its features that have to be preserved.

Strategic Accounting Software Package-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Literature Review on an Organisation that is using accounting software packages in Australia. Answer: Introduction The modern corporate world is characterized by great competition in providing quality business services to different clients. Many organizations are therefore seeking to establish a competitive advantage in the areas of quality, efficient and cost effective service provision. With the increase in organizational activities, the coordination of all activities to bring about quality output is dependent on the organization management systems (Ismail and King, 2014, p. 13). Great emphasis is laid to the performance measurement tools in any organization which necessities organizations to develop and adopt software packages which can help them meet the business needs as well as the needs and demands of their clients. Some of these business softwares include the accounting software packages which have been adopted by many businesses or organizations among them been the Hansens Accounting and Business services firm in Melbourne, Australia (Chenhall and Moers, 2015, p. 6). This study, therefore, seeks to provide an understanding of the structure of this organization or firm and its interactions with business software and how the organization has adopted the use of accounting software packages. It will also provide an understanding of the competition the company faces from other users of the same software in a bid to understand what gives them a competitive advantage in the market as well as analyze some of the challenges experienced by the users of the accounting software packages. The Hansen Accounting and Business organization structure The Hansen accounting and business services firm was established in 1997 and has since been in forefront of providing quality business services to their clients. The organization or firm is based in Waverley, Melbourne, Australia but has a wide network of clients in many other parts of the world. The organization is specialized in providing business services across the fields of business consultancy services, accounting, auditing and other specialist services. It has been recognized for offering quality services to their clients such as provision of annual financial statements, business activity statements, management consulting and reporting services and financial budgeting as well as auditing services among others (Broida and Flora, 2015, p. 46). The organization is structured into different departments which specialize in different business services but all work together towards the common goal of achieving the objectives of the company and that is to meet their clients needs in offering solutions and quality services to problems or challenges from their clients. The organization has a business service department which specializes in offering accounting services, business consultancy, booking keeping, payroll among other services (Blount et al. 2016, p. 193). It has also a tax and audit department which specializes in offering tax and audit related services to their clients as well as a specialized services department which deals with special clients needs like customized client services. However, the departments are linked together by the management and serve a common through the efforts of specialized and competent staff. Organizational operational problems However due to the many organizational activities involving huge financial data and great number of clients with high demands, the Hansen Accounting and Business Services company has been experiencing great complaints from their clients most of which result from errors in financial reports or budgets and increasing costs resulting from inefficiency of the current systems (Lim Perrin 2014, p. 3). Such problems having been analyzed by the management of the company were found to be very critical to the organization success as their clients needed to be satisfied with the quality of their services as well as help them reduce the costs associated with lack of utilization or adoption of accounting software (Mas et al. 2014, p. 103). The management, therefore, seeks to acquire accounting information system software packages that will help them cut the operational costs, improve their efficiency as well as perform the various task in the shortest time possible to meet the rising demand from their clients. The software should help the company eliminate some of the human errors reported by their clients as well as allow for effectiveness and consistency by fulfilling the business needs. Acquisition of system software The management is therefore tasked with the responsibility of making a decision on acquiring a system accounting software in which their decision can be to adopt or acquire commercial software, custom software or ERP software. However the acquisition of accounting software packages is supposed to fall under the context of the existing organizational structure and depending on the organizational needs, the software should, therefore, be compatible with the existing organizational structure as well as improve the efficiency of the currently existing structure (Starinsky 2016, p. 3). The commercial softwares are usually ready-made softwares for resale to the end user and therefore in most cases they are used by small organizations at start-up of their business operations however they may not be applicable to large organizations with an already established structure as the system software may not be compatible with existing current structure (Chenhall Moers 2015, p. 8). The acquisition of custom software will mean that the company will have to adopt software that is designed or developed to meet specific user or organizational needs. However, the development or acquisition of ERP software allows the organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and also automate many other office functions related to technology, services and also a human resource (Cassidy 2016, p. 2). Therefore, in this case, Hansen Accounting and Business services are likely to acquire ERP software as it will provide a platform for the company to integrate the fu nctions of various departments according to the specific client needs to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the existing organizational structure. Organization sales system flow chart The success of an organization is not only dependent on the services provided but also on the sales strategy adopted by the company. For Hansen Accounting and business services to attain its success objective in service delivery to their clients, it needs to develop a systems flow chart for the company sales procedure (Peppard Ward, 2016, p. 2). A system flow chart is a representation of the steps or actions that the organization or company needs to take in order to achieve maximum effectiveness in service provision to their clients. The figure below is a sample of system flow chart showing the sales procedures that Hansen Accounting and Business Services can adopt and implement to help integrate the sales objectives of each and every department in the company. The figure above shows some of the processes involved in the company accounting department involving the sales. It outlines the office interactions channels with their customers and the steps the company needed to take to ensure they offer effective, transparent and consistent services to their clients (Simkin et al. 2014, p. 4). It is important for the organization to follow and assess its sales flow chart as it ensures the company achieves financial success and helps to eliminate the financial errors resulting from the business transaction. Such a flow chart provides the organization with an opportunity to monitor the sales procedures and is able to solve any complaints from their clients. Understanding of development of accounting software in the organization and its importance With the extensive growth of the Hansen Accounting and Business Services, the company is at the threat of experiencing financial frauds, errors, lack of consistency or having a prompt repository mechanism to deal with client complaints or even address their concerns (Hafeez Andersen 2014, p. 46). It is, therefore, necessary for the company to adopt or develop an accounting software package that will help the company to manage payments with the organization for employees as well as their contractors, process invoice for their clients, ease the employees workload of calculating payment and tax deductions for each and every employee in the organization. The accounting software package will help the company to record as well as process all accounting transactions within functional module developed through the ERP integrated system such as accounts payables, accounts receivables, company general ledgers (Starinsky 2016, p. 2). Some of the available and most applied accounting software pa ckages include Quick Books, MYOB, Cash flow managers, Zero-online, sage among others however the adoption and implementation of any of the packages are dependent on the business need of the company, its compatibility with the existing organization structure as well as the existing company technology. It is therefore recommended for the organization to develop or adopt the use of MYOB accounting software package. The software has gained the confidence of many businesses across Australia and New Zeeland with over 1.2 million businesses using the package. The software offers a range of solutions and products which make it applicable to both small businesses as well as large businesses. It provides an easy and fast way to manage an organization or company cash flow and also ensure compliance with ATO requirements. Its cost effective as it helps the organization to reduce the costs of having accountants as its simple to use and anyone can use it and it also automatically updates the system in any incidence of the tax change. The software will, therefore, help the organization manage its client purchase orders, work with multiple clients accounts as well as manage employees job time sheets (Geary et al. 2017, p. 703). It is also easier through MYOB software for the management to track job progress, track the organization profit and loss as well as the inventory levels. It completely revolutionizes clients experience by offering products which the range can integrate with the existing accounting software to add immense value to the organization. The competitive advantage of other organizations over the Hansen Accounting and Business Company The existence of other firms and companies offering the same services in the Australia accounting market has increased competition faced by the company. The Hansen Accounting and Business services are a privately owned firm and have a range of 11 to 50 employees with over 40 years of existence. However, the company has not grown its networks to other nations other than serving clients from different regions (Mueller et al. 2014, p.8). Their client base cut across several nations with some of their great clients been Price Waterhouse Coopers among others. However, it has not established partnerships with other small firms in different regions as compared to their competitors and other leaders in the industry such as the Greenberg and Companies which has partnerships with other firms locally and internationally. The partnerships have given these companies a competitive advantage in that it has helped them reduce their operational costs in other regions (Chang 2016, p. 3). The companies can also learn from the different organizational structures used in different regions that enable them to understand their market well and also strategically plan for their future strategies. With the companies enjoying the economies of scale, they can offer affordable prices to their clients for their products and services and therefore increase their competitive advantage in the international market. However, the development and adoption of accounting software packages in most businesses have encountered a number of challenges. With organization having different organizational culture, the adoption and development of these packages has interfered with some organizational culture and in most organizations the idea has not been implemented as may prompt the loss of jobs to certain groups of people in the organization including accountants, financial controllers, analysts and experts (Seethamraju 2015, p. 483). The system is also bound to have technical challenges which mean that the management cannot write off the functions of accountants in the organization yet maintaining both the system software as well as the accountants may increase the cost element of the organization. The softwares in another case may not be user-friendly as not everything that can be integrated to meet the employers requirements. Conclusion The development and adoption of accounting software packages are very paramount to the success of modern businesses. However, it calls for great efforts from the management team to ensure that the software developed or adopted meet the needs of the business as well as those of their clients. With increased competition been experienced in the modern corporate world, the quality of services provided by the businesses and their competitors will determine the success of the businesses. It is, however, important to note that it would be difficult for businesses to survive in the current corporate world without the effective use and implementation of business softwares compatible with the current technology. List of References Blount, Y., Abedin, B., Vatanasakdakul, S. and Erfani, S., 2016. Integrating enterprise resource planning (SAP) in the accounting curriculum: a systematic literature review and case study. Accounting Education, 25(2), pp.185-202. Broida, M. and Flora, D., 2015.The status of computerized accounting software in small American businesses. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 1(1), pp.44-51. Cassidy, A., 2016. A practical guide to information systems strategic planning.CRC press. Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Chenhall, R.H. and Moers, F., 2015.The role of innovation in the evolution of management accounting and its integration into management control.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 47, pp.1-13. Geary, N., Jarvis, B., Mew, C. and Gore, H., Precisionpoint Software Limited, 2017. Method and apparatus for automatically creating a data warehouse and OLAP cube. U.S. Patent 9,684,703. Hafeez, A. and Andersen, O., 2014. Factors Influencing Accounting Outsourcing Practices among SMEs in Pakistan Context: Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource-Based Views (RBV) Prospective. Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014.Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.Journal of Information Systems and Small Business, 1(1-2), pp.1-20. Lim, N. and Perrin, B., 2014. Standard Business Reporting in Australia: Past, Present, and Future. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 18(3). Mas, J.F., Kolb, M., Paegelow, M., Olmedo, M.T.C. and Houet, T., 2014. Inductive pattern-based land use/cover change models: A comparison of four software packages. Environmental Modelling Software, 51, pp.94-111. Mueller, D. and Mousseau, C.A., Bmc Software, Inc., 2014.Method for customizing software applications.U.S. Patent 8,832,652. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016. The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Seethamraju, R., 2015. Adoption of software as a service (SaaS) enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Information systems frontiers, 17(3), pp.475-492. Simkin, M.G., Norman, C.S. and Rose, J.M., 2014. Core concepts of accounting information systems.John Wiley Sons. Starinsky, R.W., 2016. Maximizing business performance through software packages: Best practices for justification, selection, and implementation. CRC Press. Starinsky, R.W., 2016. Maximizing business performance through software packages: Best practices for justification, selection, and implementation. CRC Press.

The Fall Of The Roman Empire Essays - Barbarian, Injustice, Warriors

The Fall Of The Roman Empire Did the Roman Empire deserve to Fall?No The achievements of the Roman Empire were unmatched at its time. Many things it accomplished are ideas and ways of life that did not become widespread until after its fall. The Roman Empire would have made the advancement of people in Europe much faster. The Roman Empire was the most modern ancient empire. It made many advancements in the arts and sciences. It had many great poets, philosophers, artists, and engineers. The Romans encouraged learning and supported any who endeavored to make discoveries or technological improvement. If the Roman Empire had not fallen, the world, from a scientific stand point would be very different today. The Roman Empire would have made discoveries and scientific advancements before the Dark Ages. During the Dark Ages no scientific studies or appreciation of the arts took place. For almost an entire millennium humans made no advancements. The barbarians, who destroyed Rome, destroyed it to take its wealth not its knowledge. The knowledge that was lost was not resurrected until the Renaissance. Technological improvement was at a standstill. If the Roman empire had lasted, Europe would not have fallen into that dark period. Rome would have kept modernizing. Today, we could be at a technological level we may not reach for many years. The Romans made advancements in the field of medicine. Today we could have had cures for many diseases had the empire not fallen. The Roman empire was a democracy. It was one of the first of its kind. It could have stood as a model for all the kingdoms and monarchies across the world. Human rights were existent at Rome hundreds of years before any other place around the world. The Roman people were represented in their government and had power. Many people around the world who were persecuted under dictators and monarchies could have looked at Rome as an example of what a better form of government is. It took the rest of the world more than another millennia to form another democracy. The Roman Government had three parts. These three parts used a system of checks and balances just as a modern democracy does today. The first government to adopt this system since Rome was England, when it adopted its two houses of parliament. After the fall of Rome, anarchy took place in the parts of Europe that it occupied. During this anarchy, civilization deteriorated to its most basic level. People had to fight for survival and trial wars ravaged the populous. Culture was absent and the standard of living was horrible. This period of chaos would not have occurred if the Roman Empire had continued to exist. Europe would not have fallen behind other nations such as the Arabs and Orientals in technological advancement. These cultures were far more advanced than European culture during the Middle Ages(1). Yes Rome is famous for its legions. They were the supreme fighting force in those days. The military deteriorated toward the end of the empire. The soldiers in the army were loyal to their own personal general and not the emperor. They began to fight for their general and not their country. They were not motivated by patriotism, rather by money. This led to the hiring of mercenaries instead of patriotic troops fighting for their country. The corruption of the generals also affected the army. The generals fought for whoever would pay them the most. They felt no connection to the empire or obligation to defend it. They were seeking their own personal gain. This is a reason for the fall of Rome. Its military no longer defended it against foreign threats. The Roman Empire's government was originally set up as a government for a city state. The empire became too large for it to be able to control itself. The system of government became ineffective for such a large empire. Te government could not keep track of itself. This led to corruption and the deterioration of the administration in the bureaucratic process. Poor leaders took the place of honest and righteous men. When the empire was invaded by the barbarians, the empire lacked the leadership in order to reassert itself and rebuild. This may have

buy custom Taxes on Tobacco and Alcohol essay

buy custom Taxes on Tobacco and Alcohol essay Alcohol and tobacco have always been very controversial products. On the one hand, they greatly support the world economy, but they ruin peoples lives. According to the World Health Organization, almost six million people die from tobacco use and two and a half million from harmful effect of alcohol each year worldwide (Join Together Staff, 2011). These are only those, who die directly from the diseases caused by alcohol and tobacco. However, there are even more severe consequences, as these products weaken the overall health and immune system, which make people more susceptible to various diseases and infections. The high consumption of tobacco and alcoholic products is affecting the health of the consumers and puts under risk the lives of others who consume the products raising ethical questions. Accidents and crashes resulting from driving under the influence of alcohol and diseases contracted by those who are exposed to tobacco fumes are just but a few examples. There is a significant relationship between the consumption of alcohol and tobacco and the increase in the medical cost according to Rehm et al. (2006). Tobacco and alcohol products have been used since times immemorial. The magnitude has kept rising with the increasing population. The products have been established to cause preventable deaths in many countries. The use of the two sets of products simultaneously is evident with most of those who consume alcohol and smoke or vice versa. It is quite hard to quit smoking or drinking alcohol once the person has practicing the habit for a while. There is an established link between the use of alcohol and tobacco products and the complications that include cancers, heart disease and lung disease. The treatment of a complication related to the use of the products is proving to be both chalenging and expensive. The lives lost due to alcohol and tobacco related causes exceed 100,000 people annually with expenditure in excess of $185 billion in United States. The loss of live has a direct impact on the economic aspects of life. People, who are expected to work, are removed from the workforce. The problem is worsening by the fact that the majority of alcohol abusers are at the same time tobacco smokers. There are several causes of that: the use of alcohol may increase the positive effects of tobacco (or vice versa) as well as it may decrease the negative ones. Alcohol and tobacco become bad habits which are difficult to quit. It is not only a physical dependence, but a physiological one as well. In their early years teenagers and children watch movies in cinemas and on TV, where tobacco and alcohol are promoted. Companies that produce alcohol and cigarettes spend a lot of money in order to make their products popular. Moreover, there is too much advertisement on the streets, in the magazines and journals, which are decorated by all the rules to make it attractive, fashionable and desirable. Unfortunately, in todays mercantile world, where the money is the number one target, more of it is spent on promoting alcohol and tobacco than on explaining the negative effects of these products. Addiction to alcohol and tobacco are the most common mental health problems among teenagers (Join Together Staff, 2013). The Centers for Disease Control Prevention states that around one million teenagers abuse drugs and alcohol, while around 700,000 are addicted to tobacco (Join Together Staff, 2013). There are many reasons why teenagers, even under 18 (the lowest tobacco and alcohol age limit in the world) smoke and drink a lot. These are, for example, fake identification documents, which are afforrdable in many countries. In the developing countries the situation is even worse, as there is a high corruption level and sellers are not afraid to sell cigarettes and alcohol to the kids in order to gain more profit. The problem of alcohol and tobacco consumption is recognized worldwide. However, it is hard to decrease the negative effects of this problem, as the industry receives high profits. Tobacco and alcohol taxes must be increased in order to pay for rising medical cost. This will lower the tax burden for those citizens who do not smoke or drink alcohol but still need to pay high taxes in order to fulfill the lack of money for treatment of those people whose diseases are caused by alcohol and tobacco consumption. Alcohol and tobacco producers earn a lot by doing their business. In fact, their income is formed due to the health deterioration of millions of people all over the world. The free market economy does not allow the government to ban alcohol and tobacco sales. Customers are free to choose what to do with their lives. However, when the problems occur, alcohol drinkers and smokers go to hospitals, which are kept at the expense of all citizens. It is not fair that a person that lives a healthy life have to pay for the person who intentionally shortens ones life. Thus, the only way out is to make the smokers and alcohol drinkers pay more for their future treatment expenses. Increase of taxes on alcohol and tobacco will make smokers and drinkers pay in advance for their health problems. Of course, the companies that produce alcohol and tobacco will not pay more after the tax increase, but will pass these expenses to the consumers wallet. Thus, the price for the products will be increased, which will lead to several positive changes. Buy custom Taxes on Tobacco and Alcohol essay

Law Definitions Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Definitions Review - Essay Example The essay "Law Definitions Review" presents the review of such definitions as law, policies, guidelines, strategies, and tactics. For example, the law is a rule of conduct established and enforced by the authority, legislation, or custom of a given community, state or nation. And policies govern the way in which public and private resources, eg. land, labor, and capital are used, rather than the kind and quantities of resources used. Policies could be the plans and procedures adopted by the Government for achieving pre-determined objectives for the guidance of decision and actions. This could also be said to be a plan of action adopted by the Government which lays down the parameters of its functioning and the logical reasoning behind pursuing goals, objectives, and plans for the achievement of projects or executive function. Policies differ from laws in the scope of their operationality and adherence. While laws are enforceable mandatorily, policies may be devised and used on a situ ational basis, depending upon the exigencies of the circumstances and the need for enforcing policies. Common examples of policies are Children and family health policies which may, or may not be governed by laws, The policies relating to increasing taxes, taking action for reducing alcohol consumption among young people and rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims may all be governed by policy decisions taken by the government. Guidelines are documents produced by the regulatory agencies to accompany the regulations and acts.

Tourism Industry Trends Article Research Paper Essay

Tourism Industry Trends Article Research Paper - Essay Example Of this, the Taiwanese outnumber the mainlanders whose families fled from the mainland due to communist take over.Taiwan comprises of mainly, the Minnan speakers, Hakka speakers, Japanese speakers and other native languages. The Taiwan people are distinguishable from the mainlanders (Hsiau & A-chin, 2005). Taiwan has a marine tropical climate with the Northen experiencing rain throughout the year, whereas the southern experiences dry winters. Most of the population is concentrated on the west coast, which has plains and considered to be safe, unlike the east coast that has a high risk of typhoons. Taiwan experiences a wide range of cultural activities that really form the beautifulness to intermingle with the locals. They as well share several taboos with the Asian nations, making it more compatible for the Asian people to visit Taiwan in large numbers. Taiwan also offers programs like exchange of agreements with other foreign universities, teaching the Mandarine language to the foreigners as well the writing systems. Martial arts are very rampant with the majority of the visitors enjoying the art of Kung fu and other visual arts. All these practices greatly boost the tourism sector and enhance development and economical growth (Urry & John, 2003). Tourism industry is greatly booming every year as the percentage of tourists rise. According to the World Economic Forum’s survey, places likeTaiwan is ranked fourth in Asia’s best tourist destinations implying that, its capability to handle and accommodate tourist is high and the returns are tangible. This trend is expected to rise in the future touring sector as Taiwan depicts the capability in developing sustainable tourism industry. On the same note, Taiwan’s security is guaranteed to make it a secure place both at night and during the day (Yates & Stephen, 1999). The success of the tourism industry has been enhanced by the government policies

Nandos Management and Leadership Structure

Nandos Management and Leadership Structure Nandos started in 1987 in Rossetthenville, South Africa when two friends, Robert Brozen and his friend, Fernando Duarte went into a restaurant and ordered the offer that was on the menu. The friends had the flame grilled chicken with peri peri and they enjoyed the meal so much that they decided to buy the whole restaurant, Chickenland and changed the brands name to Nandos. Nandos has moved to the UK five years later and since become a world re-known brand name associated with flame grilled chicken. Nandos first restaurant in the UK was based at Ealing, from which they created a unique vision encapsulating many aspects of the South Africa Portuguese experience which played an important part of the ethos of how they developed their restaurants. Robby wanted all restaurants to individually reflect the location and retain the character. He recruited engaging and inspiring people to manage the business, maintained quality of the product by flame grilling the product to be consumed by customers not far from where they seated, over time, the brand was born. Grant, R M (2002) From this time onwards, a remarkable and unique major multi-million dollar business serving in many parts of the world. Today, it employs around 7000 workers in the UK with about 228 restaurants and is growing at a rate of 15 to 20 more restaurants on year by year growth rate. On the international scene, it has developed a strategy by which it expands using Franchising model that allows it to stay close to the core business. It maintains its core values, culture and location attributes making it stay focussed on the nature of the business in its franchise relationships. Culture and leadership According to (Johnson and Scholes 2006): Nandos allows flexibility for the culture of the countries they operate in to be incorporated. The companys leadership has achieved a great deal in the short time that they have been around. The major achievement recently was recorded when in March 2010, the company was awarded first place in the Sunday times top 25 best companies to work for in the UK. The classification is based on being able to employ at least 5000 or more workers. White, C (2004) Grant, R M (2002) Nandos achieved a maximum of three stars in the Best Companies Accreditation Award in 2009. Nandos is the only worldwide company to receive three stars in the United Kingdom. The award measures eight significant areas that include well-being, personal growth and leadership. And in 2010 the company entered the Sunday Times Best Companies to work for and came out first, beating other companies such as Goldman Sachs and Price Waterhouse Coopers. The company again received the full three stars, showing not only quality but sustained commitment to the leadership and management development across the organization. Grant, R M (2002) Training and development The National Training Awards (NTAs) have been running for quarter of a century, the awards recognise and celebrate Investors in People accredited organisations that have delivered outstanding organisational benefits by directly linking the training needs of their people to the business needs of their organisation. Nandos, over the years have achieved awards for five of their in-house training schemes. These are: buddy systems (buddies are much experienced staff who help train new staff); new restaurants opening training; working in management teams (team building); Nandos inductions; and coaching programmes. In addition, Nandos was first recognized as an Investor in People in 1998. They are now celebrating ten years of recognition. White, C (2004) So, what is behind the outstanding set of achievements? According to Nandos human resources director Julia Claydon, Its not just one thing; its a whole mix of different things. At the heart of the business is a unique culture and a set of fundamental values and ways of doing things. Pride, passion, courage, integrity, and family are the five values that drive behaviours and decision making in the company. Fun, friendly, and different, is the way one employee described the feeling of working at Nandos and the sense of belonging that is found within the company or family as it is described. I wanted to be part of a success story and be with a family of like-minded people. They even use different words, tone of voice, and language in everyday life at Nandos. The board of directors are referred to as the Full Monty, restaurant managers are called Patrao (head of the family in Portuguese), Nandoca is a waiter, Grillers are the chefs, and the head office in Putney is referred to as Central Support. All throughout the restaurant interior, on the menus, the walls, internal documentation, company website, and marketing material, you will see the same fun, funky, and different style of language. Barcelos is the Cockerel, was chosen as the symbol of Nandos because Robert and Fernando like the explorers of yesteryear believed in faith, justice and good luck. They refer to CSR (corporate social responsibility) at Nandos as Do the right thing. The spirit of Nandos is alive in each of their restaurants through the hand-selected, diverse mix of global music usually South African, and unique features to ensure you enjoy the Nandos experience. They have the largest collection of art by South African artists in the UK and the support and investment in this industry has changed many lives for the better in deprived areas of South Africa. On the green energy front, a new Nandos restaurant which is located on the Junction 27 on the M62 in West Yorkshire is an eco-restaurant, where h eat energy from the grills are recycled to warm up the water and heat up the central-heating system. Also, the frying fat is recycled for fuel. This approach will be gradually introduced to all the Nandos group of restaurants. The members of staff are encouraged to participate in community projects in their locations of their own sites, and schools and colleges partnerships and the funding of community improvements, as well as the donation of staff time and effort is strongly supported and is also seen as a staff development opportunity. Grant, R M (2002) Pride, passion courage, integrity, and family, the five business values drive the everyday ethical and honest behaviour, and this engaging culture results in an impressive level of 45 per cent of appointments that are filled through career progression within the businesses. The management ethos is to allow as much leadership responsibility and authority for decision making to be at the local restaurant level as possible, once the restaurant has been approved and signed off personally by Robert Enthoven himself. In essence, the leadership and management style is one that can be associated with a hands-on action-orientated, situational, and contingency approach. There is a fairly tight framework, as you would expect, to ensure consistency around the product and brand, that is centrally controlled by the support functions of procurement, marketing, and distribution. Yet almost all else is down to the local leadership of the Patrao (manager/family leader). That is, the recruitment/select ion, resourcing, motivation, training of staff, and the customer service and profitability of the restaurant. Training and facilitation in the Nandos way as well as developing the business profitability and the personal growth of the Patraos themselves, and spotting future talent, are promoted up to the next level up of management, the MDs (managing directors). Even below the conventional management level, all Nandocas are encouraged to challenge substandard quality and service in line with the company values. White, C (2004) There is a widespread development process to support career paths at Nandos. There are some specific and technical courses that member of staff must undergo, such as food hygiene, licensed house, health and safety regulations, etc. Then also many other sessions; coaching, people management, finance, and leadership development, etc. Staff can select as many sessions as appropriate that have been identified in the success management process. In terms of speed of career progression, it usually takes approximately 12 to 18 months to get to first assistant position and a further similar period to get to be Patrao. As can be seen, Nandos investment in training is given high priority as this is considered a key enabler for business success. In fact, the training of staff members costs amount to approximately 75 per cent of the human resources budget. Nandos human resource department is faced with improving the training and development evaluation systems and looking for continuous improvement methods that will really measure worth and added value of this level of training and development. Whilst there is a strong intuitive sense and informal evidence that this investment in training is linked to the success of the business, Nandos would ideally like stronger, more specific assessments. Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003). Diversity is also a major factor which differentiates Nandos from any other restaurant groups. It has always employed staff from a wide diverse culture, regardless of their level of English. They are trained in ways that work best for that individual and provided with development opportunities. These members of staff are given opportunities to develop within Nandos and to be the best they can and there are numerous stories and examples of employees from abroad who have fitted in well with the Nandos family culture and gone on to develop successful careers within Nandos. Recruitment and selection are carried out by each restaurants manger itself and the team members are also heavily involved. Normally, a trial shift is set in order to see if a new recruit has the right skills and capabilities, if they have the right attitude, and if they get involved in the fun and delivery of good service within the restaurant. Participation and a high level of involvement by all staff are significant to Nandos. It is a regular occurrence for conferences and formal get-togethers, where staff are consulted and included in introducing new working practices and processes. But its not all work; they also like to enjoy themselves, and one thing about the people at Nandos: they have great annual Nandoscars, which are parties thrown by the company and awards are given to the best members of staff. White, C (2004) Leadership in the organisation In 1987 two major reports Handy et al., and Constable and McCormick, acknowledged that the UK had the lowest number of qualified and degree-educated managers when paralleled to chief competitors of the time and that there seemed to be an association between productivity or organizational success and educational achievement of managers and leaders (Constable and McCormick, 1987), the development of leaders and managers has grown in importance. Handy et al. (1987) found that most managers had little higher education and when a manager got a new managerial role they generally learned about the new job through gaining experience at work. These reports led to the professionalization of managers in the UK and to the realization that leaders were not just heroic characters who appeared in an organizations hour of need, but that there was a diversity in leadership and that individuals could be assisted to develop leadership and management skills. Debates about the connections between leaders and managers similarities and differences are one of the key sections. White, C (2004) Variety plays a vital role in the restaurant since the need for developing and educating leaders and managers was recognized, an increasing range of methods with different interventions were developed, mostly focusing on within the company. Leadership and management development has matured, often in seclusion, from the remainder of personnel and human resources manager, and sometimes even as a separate function from employee training and development. Whilst there may have been worthy reasons for such separation, however, it is important that clear links are made within the major human resource management and development areas-and that these, in turn, are able to contribute to and be part of business strategic planning to secure an organizations future senior managers and leaders. The importance of horizontal and vertical integration of business strategy, organizational development, and the management and development of human resources has never been more obvious as organizations, fro m all sectors struggle for survival in an increasingly difficult national and international environment. Grant, R M (2002) The growing importance of continued improvement of those who are future leaders and managers can be acknowledged by reviewing changes in the external environments in which organizations operate. Within the UK, there are major changes and debates about the nature of work and the working population, with increasing diversity, changing opportunities, and increased external political, economic, environmental, and social influences. Globally, changes and influences are very easy to identify through new developing economies and cultures. Recent crises help to demonstrate that all nations and economies are critically linked and that survival of each is reliant on all. Managers and leaders therefore have to learn how to work in such organizational and international environments, taking account of diversities within. For organizations, there are more opportunities due to greater employee mobility, but with technological development there are requirements to manage increasingly distant and div erse employee groups through technological networks. Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003) Theories of motivation Many theories have been proposed by many authors on the subject of motivation in organisations. Among some of the notable contributors to this debate was an industrialist named Frederick Winslow Taylor, who put forward the concept that workers are motivated by rewards in pay. In his Theory of Scientific Management, he argued that workers do not necessarily enjoy to work and therefore need to be controlled and closely supervised. In order to achieve this, managers need to breakdown the production into a number of small related tasks and given training to improve their skills sets which should result in efficiency over a period of time for the tasks they are assigned to do. The second major observation was that workers should be paid according to the production levels they attain over a given period of time, this he called piece rate pay, which as a result would encourage workers to produce more achieving the maximisation of productivity. These methods later were adopted by the business world as they saw the benefits that they offered through increased production levels resulting in lower unit cost of production. Henry Ford was the first to use the methods on a large scale when he introduced the production line to make ford cars. This was the beginning of the mass production systems as we now know them to be. Within Nandos there is a resemblance of the Taylorism which is applied by the workers having division of labour. There are those who simply welcome the dinners and those that serve them on the till. Yet still some ensure that the flame grills are going on smoothly so that the patronage is served on time. There is a good case for a classical production system within Nandos restaurant. Taylors methodology has close relations with the concept of an autocratic management style, where managers decide on all the decisions and simply give orders to staff members that are below them, and Macgregors Theory X methodology to workers in which workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility. Further down the line, the workers soon came to dislike Taylors methodology as they were only given boring, on challenging, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Businesses could also afford to lay off workers as productivity levels increased which in turn led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers. Elton Mayo understood that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better encouraged by having their social needs met whilst at work (a factor that Taylor ignored). He presented the Human Relation School of Thought, which concentrated on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. Mayo carried out a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago where He secluded two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of altering factors such as lighting and working conditions. He anticipated to see production levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worse but what he actually discovered astonished him: whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same. From this series of experiments Mayo came to the conclusion that workers are best motivated by three major factors: Improved communication between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) White, C (2004).Greater manager involvement in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams. (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) In practice therefore businesses should re-organise production line in order to encourage greater use of team work and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. Abraham Maslow along with Frederick Herzberg introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s; the main focus of the school was the psychological needs of employees. Maslows theory states that there are five levels of human needs in which are essential for employees to have in order to be fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic minimum wage in order to buy food before worrying about having the respect of others. Grant, R M (2002) A company should therefore offer different enticements to workers in order to help them fulfil each of the needs in turn and advance up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also be aware that not all workers are motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Frederick Herzberg had a close relationship with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder, the motivators. He also believed that there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder, the Hygiene factors. Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself, for example how thought-provoking the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra accountability, credit and advancement. Hygiene factors are factors which surround the job rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if the company has provided a reasonable amount of pay and safe working environment but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg understood that businesses should motivate employees by accepting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through positive methods. Some of the methods managers could use to motivate employees are: Job enlargement, in which workers are given a greater assortment of tasks to perform (these tasks are not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more stimulating. Job enrichment which involves workers being given a wider range of more difficult, exciting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment means allotting more decision making power to employees to make their own choices over areas of their working life. Managing diversity Multiculturalism is a system of beliefs and behaviours that recognizes and respects the presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society, acknowledges and values their socio-cultural differences, and encourages and enables their continued contribution within an inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the organization or society. White, C (2004) There are the four pairs of action phrases that give substance to the Definition of multiculturism: beliefs and behaviours, recognizes and respects, acknowledges and values, encourages and enables, and a fifth one, empowers. Multiculturalism is a system, a set of interrelated parts-in this case, beliefs and behaviours-which make up the whole of how humans experience and view todays world. It includes what people believe about others, their basic paradigms, and how this impact, and are impacted by, behavior. The outcomes of this framework of beliefs/behaviors are seven important actions. The first is acknowledgement of the rich variety in a given society or organization. For the longest time racial/ethnic minorities, the physically disabled, and women have not been given the same acknowledgement as others. The one-sided approach to history and education has been a testimony to that fact. Grant, R M (2002) With acknowledgement should also emanate respect. Respect and acknowledgement are not the same, since be acquainted with the existence of a group does not necessarily produce respect for the group. In a slave economy, for example, the presence of slaves was recognized but their humanity was not respected. For example, in the United States of America, the presence of   American Indians in the Western expansion of the continent was constantly recognized by whites, but their environmentally conscious cultures were never respected. Thecontribution of women has usually been relegated to a footnote status.   Multiculturalism also entails recognizing the validity of the cultural expressions and contributions of the various groups. This is not to imply that all cultural contributions are of equal value and social worth, or that all should be tolerated. Some cultural practices are better than others for the overall betterment of society. Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003) These cultural expressions and contributions that differ from those of the dominant group in society are usually only acknowledged when there is an economic market for them, such as music for African Americans, native Indian dances for tourism or cuisine from India. When the business sector wants money, the advertising industry pictures people of colour in a positive light. But in most other cases the entertainment media simply misrepresentate minority stereotypes, such as women usually in supportive background roles. Multiculturalism means valuing what people have to offer, and not rejecting or belittling it si mply because it differs from what the majority, or those in power, regard as important and of value. Multiculturalism will also encourage and enable the contribution of the various groups to society or an organization. Grant, R M (2002) Women and persons of colour, for example, often experience dissuasion because what they bring to the table for discussion is often regarded as of little value or worth. Not everything can be utilized, however, nor is of the same worth Many different organisations in society, such as colleges, churches, businesses, corporations, as well as communities have also achieved diversity well, but again, for purposes of segregation. Audre Lorde 2010 explains, we have no patterns for relating across our human differences as equals. Without such patterns or models, the prevalent attitude and behavior toward persons of colour and others with biological, physical and sociocultural differences, or those with operating out of different thinking systems, has been one of exclusion and control. Today, to reach potential as organizations and society,that attitude has to shift to one of inclusion. White, C (2004) states that managing diversity is an non-stop process that unleashes the various skills and abilities which a varied population bring to an organization, community or society, so as to create a wholesome, inclusive environment, that is safe for differences, allows people to reject rejection, delights in diversity, and maximizes the full potential of all, in a cultural context where everyone profits. Multiculturalism, as the art of managing diversity, is an inclusive process where no one is left out. Diversity, in its core, then is a safeguard against idolatry the making of one group as the norm for all groups. Therefore, one of the dangers that must be avoided in grasping a proper understanding of multiculturalism is bashism. Bashism is the tendency to verbally and/or physically attack another person or group based solely on the negative meaning given to group membership-due to natural, cultural, political or socioeconomic differences (such as sex, age, race/culture, political party, class, education, values, religious affiliation environmental destruction), one of the principal problems confronting world society today is the problem of racial/ethnic hostility and cultural insensitivity-the new wine of racial/ethnic ferment in conflict with the old wineskins of intolerance. Cultural diversity What is Cultural Diversity? Cultural Diversity means a variety of different cultures or peoples with different ancestries, religions and traditions all living and intermingling together. Britain has profited from its vast cultural diversity throughout its history and is currently one, if not the most culturally diverse countries in the world. The diet we eat, the music we listen to, and the clothes we wear have all been influenced by different cultures coming into Britain. Foreign food, for example, is part of an average British diet, the most common example would be the Indian curry that has been served in Britain from 1773. Nandos restaurant recognises its origins as South Africa, with Portuguese influence and therefore has a policy that encourages inclusion in the work force. Hence appointments at all levels tend to reflect the nature of diversity within the organisation. Conclusion Nandos is relatively young company has the right type of leadership to drive it into the future. Their policies are well inclined to be inclusive taking into account the nature of diverse societies where it operates in. According to Adalfer, workers are motivated to produce efficiently and effectively if they are managed adequately through a good payroll system. Adalfer called these as the Hygiene factors. This position is supported by Maslow who suggested that the basic needs tend to be fulfilled first after which higher needs are sought after until such a time when the individual attains self actualisation.

Augustan Poetry Essay -- Literature

Augustan Poetry Often through hardship and nearly insurmountable difficulty great works of art are born. Although years of bloodshed and civil war had plagued Rome since the death of Julius Caesar, some of the most powerful and influential literature in the western world was developed in that timeframe. During the Age of Augustus (approximately 43 BC – 17 AD) such great writers as Virgil, Horace, Livy, Propertius, and Ovid created epic masterpieces of literature and philosophy. It was through the collective efforts of these great poets and writers as well as Augustus himself, that the rise of a new facet of Roman literature was possible. Seeing the opportunity to foster a great rebirth of Roman culture (specifically literature), Augustus and his closest advisor Maecenas created a situation advantageous for the great writers of the time to write (for the government) and profit from their skills. Augustus genuinely wanted lasting peace and a solid foundation for his new government, and so he es sentially helped out the writers who in turn, indirectly helped him. The great literature was not pure propaganda for Augustus (although it was a little biased towards him) but from this revival of Roman identity through a revolution in literature, Augustus was able to ensure a great deal of peace, pride, prosperity, and power from his people and respect from the rest of the ancient world. The great literary resurgence of the Augustan Age would not have been possible without the great writers of the time. Some of the most influential, persuasive, and powerful writing emerged out of Caesar’s murder, the civil wars, and the peace thereafter. Virgil was the first to begin the literary explosion as he claimed a classic Greek style of ... ...d evolution of society in Rome, Ovid tore literature’s power, and his own success, to shreds. Although it ultimately came to an end, the Augustan Age created some of the most influential, powerful, and beautiful works of western literature of all time. The environment created by Augustus and Maecenas, the unfathomable skills of the writers and their willingness to adventure, explore, and take risks, to benefit Roman culture led to (probably) the greatest collection of literature the western world has ever seen. Works Cited Wikimedia Foundation. â€Å"Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.† Last Updated: May 21, 2004. Date Visited: May 20, 2004. Wheelock, Frederic M. 6th Edition Wheelock’s Latin. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 2000. Conte, Gian B. Latin Literature: A History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1994.

Filter, Power Divider

Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divider 3. SIW Resonator Designs – Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.? SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 1 Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divider 3. SIW Resonator Designs Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.? SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 2 1. Introduction †¢? Background O As consequence of the rapid development in wireless communication market, various devices need to integrate wirel ess standards.Demand on wireless devices to support these multi-standard operations with [2]  § Low insertion loss  § sharp selectivity  § Proper compact size  § Low cost O Band-pass filters  § primarily used in wireless transmitters and receivers  § imit the bandwidth of the output signal to the minimum necessary to convey data at the desired speed and in the desired form  § also used in bio-photonic, medical analytical, chemical, pharmaceutical area etc O Power dividers  § passive microwave components used for power division  § Divide input signal into two signals of lesser power. The coupler may be a three port component with or without loss  § usually of the equal-division type, which is 3dB, but unequal power division ratio is also possible [4] 3 1. Introduction †¢? Motivation O Why 60GHz  § First published by Indian physicist J. C. Bose 1895  § In 1947, US physicist J.H. Van Vleck observed that the oxygen molecule absorbs electromagnetic more energ y at 60-GHz than at other frequencies [6]  § Mainly driven by military and space applications 1960s to 1980s [7]  § From mid-1990s, interest in fixed broadband wireless access for last mile connectivity advanced 60-GHz radio technology [8] O Why SIW filter and power divider  § Conventional technologies: either not able to present required performance or too expensive  § SIW: as an attractive technology for low cost, high Q-factor, relatively high power, and high density integration of microwave and millimeter-wave components and sub-systems [10]-[12]. SIW filters have a low in-band insertion loss and a wide stopband performance.  § SIW power dividers not only achieve the small size but also realize transmitting a defined amount of the electromagnetic to another two ports.4 1. Introduction †¢? Objective O Study literature review of structures, applications and analyzing methods of SIW O Investigate the basic structure of different transmission lines by designing reson ators O Extend the synthesis method to design of SIW filter and power divider †¢? †¢? Design and discuss SIW Filter at 60GHz with bandwidth 3 GHz Design and discuss SIW Power divider at 60GHz with 3 GHz Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divider 3. SIW Resonator Designs – Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.? SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 6 2. Literature Review †¢? Transmission Line O A device designed to carry electric energy from one to another, is used to transfer the output radio frequency energy of a transmitter to a receiver [15]. ? Microstrip Line OOne of the most popular types of the electrical TLs O convey microwave-frequency signals O support a good quasi-TEM wave O In practi cal applications, the dielectric substrate is electrically very thin, which is much smaller than the wavelength 7 2. Literature Review †¢? Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) O Characteristic dimensions of a CPW are the central strip width W and the width of the slots s. GCPW is formed when a ground plane is provided on the opposite side of the dielectric. O CPW is easy to be integrated in the IC design. O Conventional Technologies: †¢? ? CPW GCPW †¢? Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Mircostrip/CPW/GCPW: small size but not efficient enough in high frequency applications, wavelength at high frequencies are small Retangular waveguide: high Q-factors and power capability but voluminous and difficult for highdensity integration and difficult manufacturing process O SIW is a transition between microstrip and dielectric-filled waveguide.Dielectric filled waveguide is converted to SIW by the help of vias for the side walls of the waveguide [2] †¢? high Q-factor, low insertion loss, and high power capability 8 . Literature Review †¢? Resonator O A device exhibits behavior of oscillating at some frequencies, called its resonant frequencies, with greater amplitude than at others. †¢? †¢? It is used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or select specific frequencies from a signal [4].Resonant frequencies O Quality- or Q-factor is defined as a dimensionless parameter, in terms of the ratio of the energy stored in the resonator to the energy supplied by a generator per cycle, describing how under-damped a resonator is [4]. †¢? The unloaded Q-factor (Qu) [21] 2. Literature Review †¢? Filter O Band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and attenuates frequencies outside that range [4]. O SIW is constructed with linear arrays of metalized via-holes rooted in the same substrate used for the planar circuit [13]. SIWs, combines the merits of all these structures, microstrip line or coplanar wavegu ide, and rectangular waveguide, are built onto the same substrate. The transition is formed with a comparable straightforward matching geometry between both structures. †¢? Power Divider OPower divider, a passive device used in the field of radio technology, couples a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to another port [27]. O SIW power divider, with optimum frequency selectivity, small size, low cost and high stopband attenuation, have been used for mobile and satellite communications systems. T-junction Y-junction 10 Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divider 3. SIW Resonator Designs – Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.?SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 11 3. SIW R esonator Designs †¢? Comparison of Transmission Line Performance Microstrip Line CPW SIW 12 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Comparison of Transmission Line Performance Characteristic Bandwidth Q factor Loss Power capacity Physical size Ease of fabrication Integration with other component Cost Waveguide Narrow High Low1 High Large, heavy Hard Hard4 High Microstrip Wide Low High Low Small Easy2 Easy5 Low CPW Wide Low High Low Small Fair3 Easy6 Low SIW Narrow High Low High Small Fair Easy LowAnnotation [4]: †¢? Dielectric of waveguide is air; Skin effect of waveguide is small †¢? Microstrip can use printed circuit board technology †¢? Ground of CPW locates at the top, the discontinuity will affect the result. However, compared to SIW, wire holes are not needed. †¢? Special couplings at the joints are required for waveguide to assure proper operation †¢? Microstrip is susceptible to cross-talk and unintentional radiation †¢? CPW presents greater isol ation than microstrip 13 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators – Substrate dielectric constant (? r) is fixed at 11. Silicon – Copper conductivity of 5. 800Ãâ€"107 siemens/m O Design Strategy of Single-row Via SIW Resonator For a resonant frequency of 60 GHz for the TE101 dominant mode by simply indexing m =1, n = 0, l = 1 [18] The calculation result is L = W = 1. 025mm. 14 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators O Result and Discussion of Single-row Via SIW Resonator Ideal material: Lossless substrate and perfect conductor The loss tangent of AGC and the bulk conductivity of Silicon are both set to be zero. Moreover, perfect conductor layers are placed at most top and bottom of the structure.Similarly, the material of metallic vias is defined as perfect conductor as well. By using as as illustrated earlier, the result is calculated In this ideal case, and involved. Based on the formula, are not radiation Q-factor is 492. 23 15 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators O Result and Discussion of Single-row Via SIW Resonator Non-ideal material: Only with conductor loss For substrate, dielectric loss tangent of AGC and bulk conductivity of Silicon are set to be zero. The copper layers with bulk conductivity of 5. *107 siemens/m are placed at most top and bottom of the structure. Moreover, the material of via is changed to copper as well. By using calculated as as illustrated earlier, the result is In this case, is not involved. Based on the formulas, we can get 16 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators O Result and Discussion of Single-row Via SIW Resonator Non-ideal material: Lossy substrate and non-perfect conductor set the loss tangent of AGC is fixed at 0. 003 and bulk conductivity of Silicon is 0. 02, which means all the loss of substrate is considered in this experiment.Meanwhile, the copper is defined as the material of layers, which are placed at most top and bott om of the structure and via defenses through the substrate. In this experiment, all losses, including radiation loss, non-ideal metal loss and substrate loss are considered here. By using , we have 17 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators – Substrate dielectric constant (? r) is fixed at 11. 9 Silicon – Copper conductivity of 5. 800Ãâ€"107 siemens/m O Design Strategy of Double-row Via SIW Resonator For a resonant frequency of 60 GHz for the TE101 dominant mode by simply indexing m =1, n = 0, l = 1 [18]The calculation result is L = W = 1. 025mm. 18 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators O Result and Discussion of Double-row Via SIW Resonator Ideal material: Lossless substrate and perfect conductor The loss tangent of AGC and the bulk conductivity of Silicon are both set to be zero. Moreover, perfect conductor layers are placed at most top and bottom of the structure. Similarly, the material of metallic vias is defined as perfect conductor as well. By using calculated as as illustrated earlier, the result is In this ideal case, and involved. Based on the formula, are not radiation Q-factor equals to 641. 6 19 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators O Result and Discussion of Double-row Via SIW Resonator Non-ideal material: Only with conductor loss For substrate, dielectric loss tangent of AGC and bulk conductivity of Silicon are set to be zero. The copper layers with bulk conductivity of 5. 8*107 siemens/m are placed at most top and bottom of the structure. Moreover, the material of via is changed to copper as well. By using calculated as as illustrated earlier, the result is In this case, is not involved. Based on the formulas, we can get 20 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW Resonators OResult and Discussion of Double-row Via SIW Resonator Non-ideal material: Lossy substrate and non-perfect conductor set the loss tangent of AGC is fixed at 0. 003 and bulk conductivity of Si licon is 0. 02, which means all the loss of substrate is considered in this experiment. Meanwhile, the copper is defined as the material of layers, which are placed at most top and bottom of the structure and via defenses through the substrate. In this experiment, all losses, including radiation loss, non-ideal metal loss and substrate loss are considered here. By using , we have 21 3. SIW Resonator Designs †¢? Design of SIW ResonatorsO Comparison of Single-/Double-row Via Resonator Double-row via structure obviously decreases the loss compared to single-row via. The main difference of Q-factors is the radiation Q-factor, which means the radiation loss is the most affection of the SIW. Conductor and dielectric Q-factor are only slightly changed with the error around 3. 5% from the single- to double-row SIW. Hence, the conductor loss and dielectric loss basically are not significant issue for the losses of the SIW comparing with the radiation loss because of the leakage through the gaps since the presence of gaps in the side walls.These results also match that higher Q-factor indicates a lower rate of energy loss relative to the stored energy, which demonstrates the validity of the experiments and the results. 22 Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divider 3. SIW Resonator Designs – Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.? SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 23 4. SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs †¢?Design of SIW Filters O Design strategy of SIW filter The proposed filter is constructed based on the SIW resonator at 60 GHz. The filter is designed and simulated using HFSS software. †¢? †¢? †¢? To achieve a -3 dB bandwidth of 3 GHz. To achieve a good passband wi th small insertion loss 15 dB Here in filter structure, length doubles the size which is 2. 250mm and width w remains the same 1. 025mm. 24 4. SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs †¢? Design of SIW Filters O Result and Discussion of SIW filter When increasing the distance between the middle of the vias, the two resonant poles are separated to each other more. 25 4.SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs †¢? Design of SIW Filters O Result and Discussion of SIW filter †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? Center frequency = 62. 9 GHz. Bandwidth = 3. 4 GHz (60. 8 ~ 64. 2 GHz). Insertion loss = 0. 89 dB within the passband. Return loss = 17. 8 dB within the passband. †¢? Achieve a wide and deep upper-stopband with an insertion loss >15. 0dB. 26 4. SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs †¢? Design of SIW Power Dividers O Design strategy of SIW power dividers The proposed filter is constructed based on the SIW resonator at 60 GHz. The filter is designed and simulated using HFSS software. †¢? †¢? †¢? To achieve a -3 dB bandwidth of 3 GHz.To achieve a good passband with small insertion loss around 3 dB To achieve a wide and deep upper-stopband with an insertion loss >15 dB The proposed Y-junction power divider is a SIW equivalent of a bifurcated waveguide junction fed by a symmetrical step junction. The distance between two discontinues can be optimized to achieve low insertion loss [28]. 27 4. SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs †¢? Design of SIW Power Dividers O Result and Discussion of SIW power dividers †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? Center frequency = 62. 5 GHz. Bandwidth = 3. 7 GHz (60. 5 ~ 64. 2 GHz). Insertion loss = 3. 87 dB within the passband. Return loss = 10. 5 dB within the passband. †¢? Achieve a wide and deep upper-stopband with an insertion loss >15. 0dB. 28 Outline 1.? Introduction 2.? Literature Review – Transmission Lines (Microstrip Line/ CPW/ SIW) – Resonator, Filter, Power Divide r 3. SIW Resonator Designs – Comparison of Transmission Line Performance – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Resonators 4.? SIW Filter and Power Divider Designs – Design, Result and Discussion of SIW Filter and Power Divider 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 29 4. Conclusion and Future Works †¢? Conclusion O SIW single- and double-row resonators have been designed and compared.The results matched that higher Q-factor indicates a lower rate of energy loss relative to the stored energy, which demonstrates the validity of the experiments and the results. O W band SIW filter has been designed, evaluated and optimized by HFSS software. The centre frequency of the proposed filter is designed at 62. 9 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 3. 4 GHz (60. 8~64. 2 GHz). O W band SIW power divider has been realized based on the structure of the filter. The power divider is at centre frequency 62. 5 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 3. 7 GHz from 60. 5 to 64. 2 GHz. 30 4. Conclusi on and Future Works †¢?Recommendation for Future Works O The numerical analysis may be done for the proposed structures. O The structures can be fabricated and measured to demonstrate the practical realization of the structures. O The insertion loss the filter may be improved based on further modification. O It is possible to widen the bandwidth of the filter. O Other matching networks may be considered to realize better performance of the filter. O Small and efficient filters may be designed based on the modification of the proposed structure. O Balun may be designed based on the proposed SIW power divider. 31 Thank You! 32